![]() It provides many important ecosystem services, including protecting biodiversity, regulating regional climate, and preventing soil erosion ( Tilman et al., 1996 Yan et al., 2003 Harper et al., 2005). Its alpine meadow area reaches 1.39 km × 10 6 km, occupying nearly half (44%) of the grassland area of China ( Tan et al., 2010). The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is the highest plateau (average 4,000 m above sea level) on earth, known as “the roof of the world.” There are various types of grasslands on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, like alpine meadow, alpine grassland, alpine shrub, and alpine desert. These results provide insights to designing reasonable ecological management strategies for alpine grassland ecosystems. This study revealed how pika activities affected microbial networks and ecosystem multifunctionality. However, the mixed effects of grazing and pika weakened such influences. Pika disturbance at high intensity significantly reduced the ecosystem multifunctionality. In response to the interference, cross-domain cooperation between bacterial and fungal communities increased, while competitive interactions between bacterial and archaeal communities increased. In particular, the bacterial and fungal networks were less stable than archaeal networks. Most fungal communities became convergent, while bacterial and archaeal communities became differentiated during the succession of surface types. Bacteria, fungi, and archaea were all influenced by the combined disturbance of grazing and pika. Our results demonstrated that Proteobacteria, Ascomycota, and Crenarchaeota were dominant in bacteria, fungi, and archaea, respectively. To address this question, we studied the impacts of only pika disturbance and combined disturbance (pika disturbance and grazing) on ecological networks of soil microbial communities and ecosystem multifunctionality. Nevertheless, little is known about the responses of bacterial, fungal, and archaeal communities, and ecosystem multifunctionality to pika perturbations. Pika activities may accelerate the degradation of alpine meadows. Plateau pikas ( Ochotona curzoniae) are high-altitude model animals and famous “ecosystem engineers” on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. 6State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.5Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.4Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.3Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology for Cold Region, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China.2Changsha Central South Forestry Survey Planning and Design Co., Ltd., Changsha, China.1School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.Jiawei Yang 1, Sijie Wang 1, Wanghong Su 1, Qiaoling Yu 1, Xiaochen Wang 1, Qian Han 1, Yuting Zheng 2, Jiapeng Qu 3,4*, Xiangzhen Li 5* and Huan Li 1,4,6*
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